ruparaii

India is the largest democratic country in the world with independent judiciary, but also serious human rights concerns. Indian Constitution provides fundamental rights to the people which includes freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of movement within a country and abroad. There is an independent judiciary and bodies to look into the issues of human rights. National Human Rights Commission (NHCR) is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights i.e. “right related to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants”.

There are abuses by the police forces, extrajudicial killings, torture, rape and corruption are the most significant human rights problems in India. According to the Human Right Report (2013) , India is the largest democratic country in the world with separatist violence, life-threatening prison conditions and sex trafficking of children.[1]

In 2015, there was average 6 rapes cases everyday. There was more than 34,000 cases of rape that was reported in 2015.[2] India is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. Forced labor constitutes India’s largest trafficking problem; men, women, and children in debt bondage – sometimes inherited from previous generations – are forced to work in industries such as brick kilns, rice mills, agriculture, and embroidery factories.

More than 165 million people in India continue to be subject to discrimination, exploitation and violence simply because of their caste. There is still practice of untouchability in India and those untouchables are called “Dalits”. They are dominated by high-caste people in housing, marriage, employment and general social interaction. [3]

India is the hub of crimes related to human trafficking in Asia. As per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, the maximum number of crimes (65.5%) committed in India were related to human trafficking in 2013 with 31.1% of the crimes were registered under Procuration of Minor Girls. According to government data, every eighth minute, a child goes missing in India. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) reveals almost 40,000 children are kidnapped yearly, out of which 11,000 could never be traced. Moreover, only 10 percent of people are trafficked in international, the remaining are intere-state in India. The NCRB findings show West Bengal as the hub of human trafficking in India, followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. Delhi is the transit point. [4]

Human Rights Violations in India

Video Source

REFERENCES

Image Source http://archive.india.gov.in/uploads/uploaddetail/2010/Dec/human_dec10.jpg

Video Source https://youtu.be/tXObOlqjgc0

[1] http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/02/28/report-details-indias-worst-recent-human-rights-abuses/

[2] http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/india-34000-cases-rape-reported-2015-160831140518208.html

[3] http://chrgj.org/clinics/international-human-rights-clinic/caste-discrimination-and-transitional-justice-in-nepal/caste-discrimination-in-india-2/

[4] http://bigwire.in/2016/08/02/10-shocking-facts-about-human-trafficking-in-india/

How clean is India? India and Environmental Issues

Posted on November 11, 2016 by ruparaii

India covers 2.4 percent of the world’s land and population of which is approximately is equivalent to 17.84% of the World’s total population. [1] The increasing population is giving a huge pressure upon nature. There is high increment in pollution and environmental degradation. As per World Health Organization report, half of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in India.[2]

Major Environmental issues in India

India is having lots of environmental issues right now in terms of water, deforestation, land degradation and many more.

WATER

2744039000000578-3024936-image-a-106_1428104105903

One of the major problem that India is facing currently is lack of drinking water. Only 18% of total rural population of Indian people have access to treated water and only about one-third of rural households are reached by piped water supplies. As per WHO, about 38 million people are affected by waterborne diseases each year, of which over 75% are children; 780,000 deaths are attributable to contaminated water and more than 400,000 can be attributed to diarrhea alone.[3] The Ganga and Yamuna are ranked among the world’s 10 most polluted rivers.[4]

Degradation of Land

As per Food and Agriculture Organisation, a United Nations agency, one third of India’s soil has been degraded.Since water and wind erosions were widespread across India, some 5.3 billion tonnes of soil got eroded every year. Of this, 29 per cent was permanently lost to the sea, 10 per cent was deposited in reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity, and the rest 61 per cent got shifted from one place to another. Excessive use of chemical fertilisers, especially in the north-western parts of the country, is one of the major reasons for soil degradation.[5]

DEFORESTATION

[4] http://businessworld.in/article/10-Facts-About-Pollution-In-India/08-06-2015-82296

Another highly serous problem is deforestation. It is predicted that almost 5.3 Million hectares of forest have been destroyed since the independence basically for housing, industralization. Poaching is another factor, people actually coming in and steeling trees and one of the final blows to the forest of India who already seem to have lost the battle is the invasion of foreign tree species such as Eucalyptus etc.

AIR POLLUTION

Image Source[4]

As per WHO, India ranks among the worst in the world that is affecting the life span of the citizens. Transportation system of India i.e. dirty diesel engines, is the main contributor of air pollution in India. As a result, the asthma rate for children in some of the larger cities is now at %50 and rising fast. India was the third largest country emitting greenhouse gas in 2011, after China and the United States. [6]

top_10_emitters

Image Source[5]

Government Actions

There are many laws regarding Environment protection in India within 30 years of independence. These laws are useless until and unless there is awareness among public. Hence Supreme Court of India directed to make environment education a compulsory subject in school. In India the Central and state Governments own, control and develop almost all the country’s forests, dams, major irrigation system, power stations, railways ports, roads, mines and even industries. In recognition of their responsibility in preserving the environment, the Govt. of India crated the Departmental of Environment and later the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985. [7]

India also signed Kyoto Treaty to reduce their greenhouse emissions. The use of non renewable resources like diesel and petrol is major responsible factor for environmental degradation. Alternative energy that is renewable, sustainable and has little tozero harmful side-effects is called “green energy” i.e resources like biomass, hydro, solar, wind, tidal waves and thermal forms of harnessing the earth’s natural element. [8]

Going green is no longer just an option; it’s a necessity. The word”Green Buildings” are not new in India. India has always tried to incorporate green concepts in its structure and architecture. In India there has always been a scarcity of resources like water, energy, materials and also extreme weather conditions have made it a compulsion for India to follow a sustainable planning design and structure since decades. Many companies have committed towards “Go green concept” like Infosys, ICICI Bank . There is escalating concept of green vehicles i.e vehicles run by alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies and include hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, compressed-air vehicles, hydrogen and fuel-cell vehicles, neat ethanol vehicles, flexible-fuel vehicles, natural gas vehicles, clean diesel vehicles, and some sources also include vehicles using blends of biodiesel and ethanol fuel or gasohol. As per Solar Energy Equipment Manufacturers Association of Telangana (SEEMAT) and Premier Solar Systems India is expected to add 6 GW of solar production in 2016 to take the total solar power generation capacity to 15 GW by March 2017. [9]
REFERENCES

Image Source http://www.examinationtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/Environment-and-Eco-Tourism1-890×395.jpg

Image Source[1] http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/04/04/00/2744039000000578-3024936-image-a-106_1428104105903.jpg

Image Source[2] https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjs98-Yr6HQAhXLPiYKHUeSCfEQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Findiahome%2Findianews%2Farticle-2660560%2FDesertification-land-degradation-affects-quarter-Indias-land.html&psig=AFQjCNG8zBCGZakuJzApzElef7sV_Gc_6A&ust=1478976560822646

Image Source[3] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Women_carring_wood_in_Rajasthan_of_India.jpg

Image Source[4] https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s–_14PPWZs–/c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/1274045967928806246.jpg

Image Source[5] http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/uploads/top_10_emitters.png

[1] http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/

[2] http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/four-out-of-top-five-polluted-cities-are-in-india-delhi-not-among-them/story-Gn2htcLbESB3BpeYJ4mY8K.html

[3] http://usf.vc/10-facts-about-drinking-water-in-india-that-may-just-make-you-sick/

[5] http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-third-of-indias-soil-degraded-experts/article7950399.ece

[6] http://www.all-about-india.com/Environmental-issues-in-India.html#sthash.MgMg4M7c.dpuf

[7] http://www.preservearticles.com/201102244196/role-of-government-and-the-problems-faced-in-protecting-our-environment.html

[8] https://www.academia.edu/7450488/A_study_on_selected_10_indian_corporates_initiative_towards_a_green_world

[9] http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/53966358.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

India and Migration

Posted on November 3, 2016November 3, 2016 by ruparaii

Migration is the reason of distribution of population in different part of the world over time. In case of India, there are migrants coming from different parts of the world as well as Indian people have also migrated to different places of the world as well.

According to International Organization of Migration, number of migrants from India is total of 15,573,953 i.e. 1.17%of total residents in 2015. Indian people move to US(1969286), UK(776603), Canada(621469), Australia(389992), UAE(3499337), Pakistan(2000908) and many more. Likewise, there are people from other countries migrating to India as well. In 2015, the total number of inward migration was 5,240,960 which is 0.40% of total resident. There are immigrants from Bangladesh (3171022), Pakistan(1106212), Nepal(542947), Srilanka(155195), Malaysia(12442) and many more. [1] While India was being ruled by British Colonists, Indian laborers were sent to different parts of the World as they were considered cheap and mobile mostly in Africa and Caribbean.[2]

However nowadays, people are migrating in search of better opportunities as professionals, traders and workers to other countries like US, Canada, UK, Malaysia, UAE and all around the World. India’s population living abroad is the largest in the world with 1.6 crore (16 million) people living outside the country in 2015, according to a latest UN survey on international migrant trends.India has the largest population of people living abroad in the world, followed by Mexico and Russia. In 2015, 16 million people from India were living outside of their country, a growth from 6.7 million in 1990, the survey stated.[3]

As per 2011 Census of India, sixty nine percent i.e more than two third of India’s population (1.21 billion people) live in rural areas. However, the country is rapidly urbanizing. The cities of Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata are all among the world’s top ten most populous urban areas, and India has 25 of the 100 fastest-growing cities worldwide.[4] In 2010, there were 5.4 million foreign-born people living in India, according to new estimates released by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. These numbers make India home to the ninth largest number of foreign-born people in the world.[5]

Major causes of Migration in India

migration-5-638

In India, people are migrating from rural to urban areas and also to different countries for employment opportunities. Marriage is a very important social factor of migration. In India, girls girl has to migrate to her in-law’s place of residence after marriage. Thus, the entire female population of India has to migrate over short or long distance. People migrate for education as well. They travel to cities or foreign countries in order to attend higher education. Another reason is political disturbances and interethnic conflicts that drive people away from their homes. For instance, number of people has migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and Assam during the last few years due to disturbed conditions there.

REFERENCES

Image Source http://gurumavin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/migration.png

Image Source[2] http://image.slidesharecdn.com/migration2008-140623032801-phpapp02/95/migration-5-638.jpg?cb=1403494143

[1] https://www.iom.int/countries/india

[2] http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-indentured-labourers/#2-who-were-the-indian-indentured-labourers

[3] http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/01/244-million-international-migrants-living-abroad-worldwide-new-un-statistics-reveal/

[4] http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/internal-labor-migration-india-raises-integration-challenges-migrants

[5] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Despite-drop-India-No-9-in-number-of-immigrants/articleshow/12105590.cms

GENDER GAP IN INDIA

Posted on October 28, 2016October 28, 2016 by ruparaii

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CURRENT SITUATION ON WOMEN IN INDIA

Women are discriminated from the time they are born. According to Indian census, there are 940 women for every 1,000 men.Family prefer male rather than female in their family as male are considered to be the bread earner. If a girl is born then she is deprived of education. In many cases, 25% of women marry before the age of 15 against their will which affects women’s health as well. Moreover, many Indian women are victim of poor treatment, violence and exploitation take place on daily basis.[1]

According to National Crime Records Bureau, every five minutes an Indian woman is compelled to report a case of domestic violence every five minutes. Every ten minutes a woman in India reports assault. Every 21 minutes one of them reports a rape. The total number of crimes against women, including rape, recorded by the crime bureau stood at 327,394, and related to sexual harassment, attempts to undress, importation of girls from foreign countries, cruelty by husbands or other relatives, kidnapping and abductions, among others. [2]

However, things are changing today. In the last decades, the situation of women in India has greatly improved. They are taking part in every aspects of society including business, politics. For instance, since 2007, the country has been under the rule of a woman, Pratibha Patil. She is the first woman to hold this position since the creation of the Indian Republic in 1950.

Some of the notable women in India today are [3]:

Chitra Ramkrishna, MD & CEO, National Stock Exchange
Aarthi Subramanian, Executive Director, TCS
Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairman, State Bank of India
Ashu Suyash, MD & CEO, Crisil
Ekta Kapoor, Joint Managing Director, Balaji Telefilms
Kaku Nakhate, President & Country Head, Bank of America Merrill Lynch
Nita Ambani, Chairperson, Reliance Foundation and Director, Reliance Industries
Priya Nair, Executive Director, Hindustan Unilever

GENDER GAP REPORT

Image Source[1] https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjY5fS5iPzPAhWBQT4KHXZPB_sQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeebiz.com%2Findia%2Fnews-india-ranks-87th-in-wef-s-gender-gap-report-but-economic-educational-health-rankings-are-far-worse-7385&bvm=bv.136811127,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNEFyRUcq_Cr6Rmauk4ae_616b3M9g&ust=1477694796652996

The report of World Economic Forum(WEF) shows that India has closed the gender gap by 2% over last year and has jumped from the 108th to the 87th spot in terms of gender equality.

The improvement in India’s ranking is driven largely by major improvements in education, where it has managed to close its gap entirely in primary and secondary education. In case of education attainment, India has made considerable strides moving up from 125th rank in 2015 to 113th in 2016.
On economic participation and opportunity too, India has moved up to 136th rank in 2016, from 139th in the year 2015.
On health and survival, India has made little progress moving up by one place to 142nd rank compared to 141st in 2015.
On political empowerment, India continues to be ranked 9th in the world.[4]

REFERENCES

Image Source[2]http://a-aim-discrimination-against-women-in-india.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/3/7/31372885/5607884_orig.jpg

Image Source[3]http://blog.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/india-women-graphic.jpg

[1]https://www.humanium.org/en/situation-women-india/

[2] http://ncrb.nic.in/

[3] http://www.businesstoday.in/powerful-businesswomen/2016/

[4]http://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/india-ranks-87th-wefs-global-gender-gap-report-2016-10201636685.html

United Nations and Sustainable Development goals in India

Posted on October 21, 2016 by ruparaii

masthead

India is one of the founder member of United Nations. It signed the Declaration by United Nations on January 1, 1942 at Washington DC. Thus, India highly supports UN and its agencies.[1] Moreover, India actively participates in almost all agencies of UN and also it was second largest troop contributor in 2014 deploying 8,123 personnel in UN peacekeeping in different countries all over the world such as Korea, Sudan, Lebanon, Somalia and many more. Furthermore, India is the member of UN security Council, G4 and G-77.

United Nations Agencies in India

There are 23 organizations of the UN serving in India.

Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) of the United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Information Centre (UNIC)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Organization (UNIDO)
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (UN Women)
World Food Programme (WFP)
World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations Volunteers (UNV)
United Nations Department of Safety and Security for India and Bhutan (UNDSS)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP)

United Nations Development Action Framework(UNDAF) in India

The UNDAF looks after all the work of UN in India. Under the UNDAF, UN agencies focused on 9 priority states; Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. [2]

Millennium Development Goals

In order to eliminate people from extreme poverty, 189 nations made a promise in 2000 which resulted in 8 Millennium Development Goals that was to achieve by 2015. In India, UNDP worked with central ministries as well as several states to achieve MDG.[3] However, as per UN report, India met only 4 out of 8 was met.[4]

mdg

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in India

With an aim to go further to eliminate poverty as well as promote prosperity while protecting the planet, Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) came into force on January 1, 2016. They recognize that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth and addresses a range of social needs including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling climate change and environmental protection. [5]

e-sdg-poster_-letter

Image Source[1] http://in.one.un.org/img/masthead.jpg

Where does India stand on the UN Sustainable Development Goals?

Video Source

Even though India had improved in the fields like poverty, literacy and access to drinking water, there are still many areas that needs improvement. [6]

REFERENCES

Image Source[2] http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/img/720xNxMDGs-09.jpg.pagespeed.ic.AEcy4_0NWC.webp

Image Source[3] http://in.one.un.org/img/uploads/SDG_1_Poverty.jpg

Video Source https://youtu.be/A3xag5YOaMQ

[1] http://www.un.org/en/member-states/

[2] http://in.one.un.org/page/united-nations-development-action-framework-2013-17

[3] http://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/post-2015/mdgoverview.html

[4] http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-yet-to-achieve-un-millennium-development-goals/article7654764.ece

[5] http://in.one.un.org/img/uploads/Overview_SDGs_EN.pdf

[6] https://www.thequint.com/environment/2016/08/29/how-is-india-doing-on-the-un-sustainable-development-goals

Globalization & Religions in India

Posted on October 14, 2016October 14, 2016 by ruparaii

india

India is the country known for spirituality and philosophy. Here religion is considered to be a way of life, an essential part of the tradition. Religions in India are not only about beliefs but also about ethics, ceremonies, rituals and many more. India is home for many religions like Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism.

Hinduism is believed to have developed about 5000 years ago. According to 2011 census data, about 80% of Indian population follows Hinduism. It is the third largest religion in the world, with a following of approximately 1 billion people. Ninety-eight percent of Hindus can be found on the Indian subcontinent, chiefly in India. And in around 500 BC two other religions Buddhism and Jainism developed in India. These three ancient religions shaped Indian philosophy. However, there are new religions that evolved in the modern Moreover, there were other attempts to establish new religions in India which did not succeed. One of the example is Akbar, a Moghul Emperor, tried to establish new religion known as Din-E-Elahi. But it did not succeed. With globalization came new religion in India as well such as Islam, Christian and Judaism. [1]

religion

Religions in India

Following religions are found in India:

HINDUISM – about 80%

ISLAM – about 12%

CHRISTIANITY – about 2.5%

SIKHISM – about 2%

BUDDHISM – about 0.7%

JAINISM – about 0.5%

ZOROASTRIANISM – about 0.01%

JUDAISM – about 0.0005%

[2]

Image Source[1]http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/Indian-religion/img/recipe.jpg

Introduction of Non-Indian Religion

Islam is the largest non-Indian religion in India constituting 12% of India’s population. Muslims who arrived in India converted Indians to Islam. While introducing Islam in India, first they used peaceful means to convert people into Muslim. Later on, they were forced to choose Islam or they were killed.The different Muslim rulers of India also brought into their kingdoms Muslim mercenaries, businessmen and slaves from different parts of the world like Russia, Afghanistan, Turkey, Arab countries and Africa. These people remained in India, married local Indians and converted them to Islam.

The Apostles St. Judas Thomas who was a carpenter came to Kerela, India to build a temple in 52 AD. He succeeded in converting local Indians to Christianity. His converts were called Syrian Christians. One assumption says that some of the Syrian Christians were actually local Jews converted by St. Judas Thomas to Christianity. The disciples of Jesus at first intended to convince the Jews to adopt the philosophy of Jesus as new Judaism. Therefore they arrived to regions where Jews had settled in the world. Among these regions where Jews had settled was India. Two Apostles are believed to have arrived in India for this purpose. St. Judas Thomas arrived in Kerala in south India and St. Bartholomew in western Maharashtra in west India. Roman Catholicism was introduced by European colonization which started in 1498 when Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer, arrived on the Malabar coast.Christian missionary activity increased in the early 1800s. Today Christianity is the third largest religion of India making up 2 – 2.5% of the population largely concentrated in Nagaland,Mizoram, south India, major metro areas, and in western states such as Goa.

Another non-Indian religion is Judaism. Jews are a minority in India comprising around 0.0005% of the population. The origin of Judaism is hard to estimate because the origin of Jewish community are distinct as some arrived during the time of the Kingdom of Judah while others are descendants of Israel’s Lost Ten Tribes. Of the total Jewish population in India, about half live in Mizoram and a quarter live in the city of Mumbai. Unlike many parts of the world, Jews have historically lived in India without largescale anti-Semitism.

There are five native Jewish communities in India:

1. The Cochin Jews arrived in India 2,500 years ago and settled down in Cochin, Kerala as traders.

2. The Baghdadi Jews arrived in the city Mumbai from Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, and Arab countries about 250 years ago.

3. The Bene Israel arrived in the state of Maharashtra 2,100 years ago.

4. The Bnei Menashe are Mizo and Kuki tribesmen in Manipur and Mizoram who claim descent from the tribe of Menasseh.

6. The Bene Ephraim (also called Telugu Jews) are a small group who speak Telugu; their observance of Judaism dates to 1981. [3]

Another minor non-Indian religion is Zoroastrians which make less then 0.01% of India’s population. It is believed to originate from Persia (Iran)so, the followers are known as Parsis. The followers of this religion exiled from Iran in the 7^th century AD. They arrived in Gujarat in west India. [4]

REFERENCES

Image Source[2]http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/religion.jpg

Image Source[3]http://www.oneindia.com/img/2015/01/02-1420205294-communalharmony.jpg

[1]http://www.crystalinks.com/indiareligion.html

[2]http://adaniel.tripod.com/religions.htm

[3]http://adaniel.tripod.com/nonindian.htm

[4]http://adaniel.tripod.com/nonindian.htm

SECURITY-A CHALLENGE IN INDIA

Posted on October 7, 2016October 7, 2016 by ruparaii

border-army-pathankot-759

India has been growing constantly since independence in 1947 in terms of economy, technology as well as population. With more than a billion people in India, the priority of india is not only the socio-economic development but the security as well. Within the borders, there are growing numbers of restless Muslims in Kashmir and western part of India. And with globalization the threat of cyber war is also increasing. [1]

Moreover, in addition to the internal threat, external state and non-state actors have played an active role in creating security problems in India. India faces major national security challenges from the neighboring countries i.e. China and Pakistan. Moreover, there are challenges like fear of regional Islamization, political instability in Central Asia to the north and relationship with US and Russia. Basically, today India is facing four major threats. They are:

Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir;
Terrorism in the Hinterland,
Left Wing Extremism
Insurgency in North East India,

Here, the first and the second are directly influenced by Pakistan like ISI and Pak military. the last are a direct appearance of Pakistani influence, which includes the ISI and Pak military. The left wing Extremism is directly and indiretly supported by China, Nepal and other South East Asian Countries. And the rebels in north east get direct and indirect support from neighbors of India around its permeable north east border.[2]

Cyberwar in India

cyber-war1

Image Source http://images.indianexpress.com/2016/01/border-army-pathankot-759.jpg

Ever since the separation of India and Pakistan, they have have been caught up in a tit-for-tat campaign. Cyber War is going on between the both countries since 1990s. Even in the India-Pakistan cricket matches, lots of cyber-attacks happened. One example is March 2014, when Pakistan Defeated India in ASIA Cup. In Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Kashmiri students were suspended for for cheering for Pakistan. The website of Swami Vivekanand Subharti University was hacked by a group claiming to be the Pakistan Cyber Army (a.k.a. Bangladesh Cyber Army) in response to expelling pro-Pakistan students. Moreover, last year Pakistan Cyber Army claimed responsibility for series of high-profile attacks – with victims including a top lawmaker and the Indian police agency.[3]

Other examples were when the Kerala Eco Tourism park in southern India was attacked by Pakistani hackers. In response, the Indian Cyber Pirates, Indian Black Hats and the Mallu Cyber Soldiers attacked 120 Pakistani websites in a revenge attack.

Pakistan Cyber Army is an active group of hackers in a Pakistan. These hackers are targeting mainly Government Websites, Energy Companies of India and Law Enforcement Agencies of India. But whenever these hackers had attacked on Indian websites, they got double from Indian hackers. A number Pakistani Websites has been hacked by Indian hackers after recent Pathankot terror attack. Every year on 14 and 15 August, a number of Cyber-attacks happened on the websites of both countries.[4]

Recently, a cyber war had begun between hackers from Pakistan and India. The Indian attack started when Pakistani hackers hacked Indian sites and circulated videos that say India’s recent surgical strike in Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) was fake. Experts in India claim that Vuppala Dhani, an Indian Hacker, has infected Pakistan government’s networks and has taken control over hundreds of computers. Using a malicious programme,, Ransomware he had made the data on the network inaccessible for users. Experts claim that Indian hackers attacked Pakistan’s network only after 7,000 Indian websites were hacked by Pakistani techies post the surgical strike by the Indian Army where Indian armed forces killed unknown number terrorists and 2 Pakistani soldiers. According to reports, a group of hackers called ‘Pakistan Haxors Crew’ had claimed that defaced 7,051 Indian websites including the official website of National Green Tribunal and Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation. [5]

Video Source

REFERENCES

Image Source[1] http://www.cyberwar.news/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2015/12/Cyber-war1.jpg

[1] https://fas.org/irp/nic/battilega/india.pd

[2] http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General-Studies/notes/role-of-external-state-and-non-state-actors-in-creating-challenges-to-internal-security.html

[3] https://propakistani.pk/2016/10/04/cyber-war-pakistan-india-starts/

[4] https://www.cyberintelligence.in/cyber-war-between-india-and-pakistan/

[5] http://tv.ibtimes.com/india-pakistan-locked-cyber-war-470

Video Source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozHXpILiPEI

GLOBALIZATION & INDIAN ECONOMY

Posted on September 30, 2016September 30, 2016 by ruparaii

6194_indian-economy

Before Liberalization (Before 1991):

Before 1991, India had restrictive trade. Indian believed in the policy of import substitution i.e. they were not allowed to import products that were already produced in India such as food items, agricultural products, engineering products. However, Indian economy faced a huge balance of Payment crisis in 1991 that almost bankrupted India. Thus, in order to survive the crisis, India approached the IMF for a loan, and the IMF granted what is called a ‘structural adjustment’ loan, which is a loan with certain conditions attached which relate to a structural change in the economy. As a result, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization Policy (LPG policy) was launched by Finance Minister Man Mohan Singh in 1991. [1]

After Liberalization Period:

The introduction of globalization in India has increased the trade in the global market. Globalization brought tons of multinational companies in India such as Mc. Donalds, KFC, Coke, Hyundai, Ford, Ericsson etc that let people enjoy the product and services of different places from around the world. Moreover, globalization has increased the inter dependency as well as competition among the companies in the world. Thus, economic development is determined by both internal as well as international economy. Indian economy ranks 3rd in GDP in terms of PPP and 7th in terms of nominal.[2] Liberalization helped India gain partneships in many arrangements such as South Asian Association for RegionalCooperation (SAARC), Bengal Initiative forMulti-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), SouthAsia Free Trade Area (SAFTA), Association of South-East AsianNations (ASEAN), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) . Moreover, India has signed different bilateral investment as well as trade agreements with many countries since 2000.[3]

Impact of Globalization on Indian Economy

Agricultural Sector:

759b49c0-0750-204a-2b59-ea2e80eb6bdd

Image Source[1] http://www.thehansindia.com/assets/6194_Indian-Economy.gif

Agriculture is an important sector in Indian economy. Still, there are more than 58 per cent of the rural households that depend on agriculture as their principal means of livelihood. Agriculture, along with fisheries and forestry, is one of the largest contributors to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Moreover, India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products. India’s fruit production has grown faster than vegetables, making it the second largest fruit producer in the world. [4] Thus, globalization has helped Indian farmers take their products in the international market. Moreover, new technology, products are brought back in India. However, MNCs can easily enter agriculture market in India as a result the farmers are having unfavourable impacts. Moreover, farmers have to compete in the global market that leads to increased production expenditure and reduction in the price of goods.[5]

Industrial Sector:

industries

Image Source[3]
The result of globalization in India is it has let many MNCs set up in India in the field of automobile, pharmaceutical, manufacturing that has helped to provide employment opportunities to many people. Moreover, MNCs brought different new and highly advanced technologies which helped Indian industries more advanced. Bangalore, the Silicon Valley of India, is experiencing an IT boom that is transforming the prospects of the Indian economy.[6] However, globalization brings competition with the global market that puts pressure on domestic companies to improve quality lower cost. Moreover, there is income disparity as urban industrial wages are higher than rural wages. There’s uncontrolled growth of consumerism and the problem of plenty as a consumer has lot of choice. Businesses are solely motivated by private profits. Furthermore, globalization has exposed domestic firms to risks such as fluctuations in prices, instability of profits and uncertainties of demand and supply.

Financial Sector:

best-banks-india_505_112012111046

Image Source[4]
Globalization has opened the door to foreign competitors to enter into our domestic market. In order to survive the fierce competition,innovation has become a must. Financial institution have to compete in the global arena so they are willing to take more credit risks. [7] With globalization there are different financial institutions coming in existence that has made Indian financial market dynamic. India’s financial sector consists of capital markets, insurance and non-banking financial companies. The gross domestic savings of India as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has remained above 30 per cent since 2004.[8] There are 89 scheduled commercial banks in India, including 43 foreign banks like HSBC, Standard Chartered.[9]

REFERENCES

Image Source[2] http://www.eenadupratibha.net/Content/PublishFiles/32D98B37-C60A-4D9B-A5AF-B2F62AFAFAB2/ContentImages/759b49c0-0750-204a-2b59-ea2e80eb6bdd.jpg

Image Source[3] http://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/images/industries.jpg

Image Source[4] http://media2.intoday.in/btmt/images/stories/best-banks-india_505_112012111046.jpg

[1] http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/2993/impact-of-globalization-on-indian-economy-an-overview?page=3

[2] https://knoema.com/nwnfkne/world-gdp-ranking-2016-data-and-charts-forecast

[3] https://www.academia.edu/2333338/Indian_Experience_of_Globalization_An_Overview

[4] http://www.ibef.org/industry/agriculture-india.aspx

[5] http://www.ijesrr.org/publication/1/IJESRR%2026.pdf

[6] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6279679.stm

[7] http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/print.php?art_id=1018

[8]http://www.ibef.org/industry/financial-services-presentation

[9]http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0RTP21112013_F.pdf

Conflict in the name of Nationalism & Ethnicity – India

Posted on September 23, 2016September 23, 2016 by ruparaii

India is well-known for its diverse ethnicity and religious group in the World. There are more than 2000 castes, 8 religions, 15 different languages spoken in all over India. However, India is not behind the ethnic and religious conflict.

Hindus Vs. Muslims

india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict

Back until 1947, India ( known as Jewel in Britian’s Crown) was ruled by British. After Independence in India, another major problem arises- bitter division between Hindu and Muslims. As a result, India was divided into two independent countries in terms of their religion- India and Pakistan. Majority of people in India were Hindus and in Pakistan were Muslims. However, the division of land, creation of borders led to another problem. There were Hindus living in Pakistan and Muslim living in India. People struggled to get into the nation of their religions. There was violence all over those two nations- killing more than 500000 people. Moreover, border conflict of Jammu- Kashmir was another problem of India and Pakistan. Even if majority of people in Jammu-Kashmir were Muslims, India was given the control of Jammu-Kashmir. However, it does not follow the constitution of India rather it has its own constitution. Even though India and Pakistan has signed a truce establishing peace, there is still war going on over Jammu Kashmir.[1]

Conflict in Assam

India Creating States — A Bodo student demostrating in Assam state, India

Moreover, there is an ethnic conflict within India. For instance, Assam is one of the state in India that faced conflict in the name of ethnicity. There are three ethnic groups; Assamese, Bengalis (native to the land of Bengal i.e West Bengal and Bangladesh) and local tribes(Bodos-largest tribes). Bengalis Muslims came from Bangladesh back in British colonial era as a slave.But after British rule was over, the Bengalis didn’t leave Assam but rather settle in the land that were unsettled. As a result, Bengalis started working in high pay professions and they grew in numbers. [2] There was violence and destruction between Bodo and Bengalis. The Nellie massacre in 1983 is known as one of severe massacre after world war ii where nearly 1800 Bengali-Muslims were killed by Lalung tribe. [3]

Sikh Vs. Hindu